Referanser til nytt kunnskapsgrunnlag

Allison, Karen C. 'Hospital Corridor Design and Wayfinding.' In *Healthcare Design Review*, edited by Anne Joseph, 2007Allison, Karen C (2007)Hospital Corridor Design and Wayfinding. Healthcare Design Review

Auld, Mary E., and Patricia A. Sears. 'Nursing Unit Design: A Comparative Analysis of Radial, Linear, and Cluster Configurations.' *Journal of Environmental Psychology* 5, no. 4 (1985): 287–302Auld, Mary E., and Patricia A. Sears (1985)Nursing Unit Design: A Comparative Analysis of Radial, Linear, and Cluster Configurations. *Journal of Environmental Psychology* 5, no. 4 (1985): 287–302

Bernhardt, Julie, et al. 'Why Hospital Design Matters: A Narrative Review of Built Environment Factors.' *Frontiers in Health Services* 1 (2021): 702992. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8969212/Bernhardt, Julie, et al. (2021)Why Hospital Design Matters: A Narrative Review of Built Environment Factors. *Frontiers in Health Services* 1 (2021): 702992https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8969212/

Catrambone, Cathy, et al. 'The Design of Adult Acute Care Units in U.S. Hospitals.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 2, no. 2 (2009): 88–109. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2980831/Catrambone, Cathy, et al. (2009)The Design of Adult Acute Care Units in U.S. Hospitals. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 2, no. 2 (2009): 88–109https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2980831/

Carthey, Jane. 'Hospital Circulation Design and Infection Control: A Evidence-Based Approach.' *Journal of Hospital Infection* 69, no. 1 (2008): 26–34Carthey, Jane (2008)Hospital Circulation Design and Infection Control: A Evidence-Based Approach. *Journal of Hospital Infection* 69, no. 1 (2008): 26–34

Center for Advanced Design Research and Evaluation (CADRE). 'Towards Optimizing Inpatient Unit Design and Operation.' Research project summary, 2023. Accessed December 16, 2025. https://www.cadreresearch.org/projects/towards-optimizing-inpatient-unit-design-and-operation.Center for Advanced Design Research and Evaluation (CADRE) (2023)Towards Optimizing Inpatient Unit Design and Operationhttps://www.cadreresearch.org/projects/towards-optimizing-inpatient-unit-design-and-operation

Craig, J. S. 'Group Corridor Plan for Nursing Units.' *Canadian Hospital* 40, no. 8 (1963): 42–44.Craig, J. S. (1963)Group Corridor Plan for Nursing Units. *Canadian Hospital* 40, no. 8 (1963): 42–44

Cubukcuoglu, Cigdem, et al. 'Optimal Design of New Hospitals: A Computational Approach for Multi-Objective Layout Optimization.' *Computers & Industrial Engineering* 178 (2023): 109038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109038Cubukcuoglu, Cigdem, et al. (2023)Optimal Design of New Hospitals: A Computational Approach for Multi-Objective Layout Optimization. *Computers & Industrial Engineering* 178 (2023): 109038https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109038

Ebel, Lindsay Ziegler, et al. 'Design Lessons from the Analysis of Nurse Journeys in a Hospital with a Radial Layout.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 4 (2018): 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718779244Ebel, Lindsay Ziegler, et al. (2018)Design Lessons from the Analysis of Nurse Journeys in a Hospital with a Radial Layout. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 4 (2018): 101–115https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718779244

Hendrich, Ann, et al. 'Unit Design and Patient Falls and Injuries: A Quasi-Experimental Study.' *Journal of Nursing Administration* 34, no. 4 (2004): 174–182Hendrich, Ann, et al. (2004)Unit Design and Patient Falls and Injuries: A Quasi-Experimental Study. *Journal of Nursing Administration* 34, no. 4 (2004): 174–182

Herman Miller. 'Measuring How Far Nurses Walk: A New Measure for Predicting Nurse Walking Distance.' Research Report, 2012. https://www.hermanmiller.com/content/dam/hermanmiller/documents/research_topics/Nurse_Walking.pdfHerman Miller (2012)Measuring How Far Nurses Walk: A New Measure for Predicting Nurse Walking Distancehttps://www.hermanmiller.com/content/dam/hermanmiller/documents/research_topics/Nurse_Walking.pdf

Hillier, Bill. *Space Is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996Hillier, Bill (1996)Space Is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson. *The Social Logic of Space*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson (1984)The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson. *Decoding Homes and Houses*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson (1987)Decoding Homes and Houses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Huseby, Richard A. 'A Method for Measuring Nursing Unit Design Quality.' *Hospital Administration Quarterly* 13, no. 1 (1969): 35–46Huseby, Richard A (1969)A Method for Measuring Nursing Unit Design Quality. *Hospital Administration Quarterly* 13, no. 1 (1969): 35–46

International Health Facility Guidelines. '130 Intensive Care Unit – Part B: Health Facility Briefing & Design.' International Health Facility Guidelines, 2025. Accessed December 16, 2025. https://www.healthfacilityguidelines.comInternational Health Facility Guidelines (2025)130 Intensive Care Unit – Part B: Health Facility Briefing & Design. International Health Facility Guidelineshttps://www.healthfacilityguidelines.com

Jiang, Shan, and Stephen Verderber. 'On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones: A Review of the Evidence-Based Literature.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 10, no. 1 (2017): 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716672041Jiang, Shan, and Stephen Verderber (2017)On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones: A Review of the Evidence-Based Literature. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 10, no. 1 (2017): 124–146https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716672041

Katz, Jacob M., et al. 'Layout Improvement Study to Reduce Staff Walking Distance in a Large Health Care Facility: How to Not Walk an Extra 4740 Miles.' *Hospital Topics* 94, no. 3 (2016): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2016.1171485Katz, Jacob M., et al. (2016)Layout Improvement Study to Reduce Staff Walking Distance in a Large Health Care Facility: How to Not Walk an Extra 4740 Miles. *Hospital Topics* 94, no. 3 (2016): 79–87

Koh, Paul, et al. 'Nursing Unit Design and Nursing Staff Communication Networks: A Study of Three Hospital Units.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 3 (2018): 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718779223Koh, Paul, et al. (2018)Nursing Unit Design and Nursing Staff Communication Networks: A Study of Three Hospital Units. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 3 (2018): 52–68https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718779223

Lawson, Bryan, and Maggie Phiri. 'Hospital Design: Room for Improvement.' In *Design and Health: The Therapeutic Benefits of Design*, edited by Roger Ulrich, 159–168. Chicago: American Hospital Association, 2002Lawson, Bryan, and Maggie Phiri (2002)Hospital Design: Room for Improvement. *Design and Health: The Therapeutic Benefits of Design*, edited by Roger Ulrich, 159–168. Chicago: American Hospital Association

Leckwart, J. F., et al. 'Radial Nursing Units Prove Best in Controlled Study.' *Modern Hospital* 112, no. 4 (1969): 94–99Leckwart, J. F., et al. (1969)Radial Nursing Units Prove Best in Controlled Study. *Modern Hospital* 112, no. 4 (1969): 94–99

Levasseur, Shanyn, et al. 'Using Data to Optimize Inpatient Environments: Documenting the Impact of Layout Redesign on Nurse Walking Distances.' *HFM Magazine*, June 2024. https://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/5018-using-data-to-optimize-inpatient-environmentsLevasseur, Shanyn, et al. (2024)Using Data to Optimize Inpatient Environments: Documenting the Impact of Layout Redesign on Nurse Walking Distances. HFM Magazinehttps://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/5018-using-data-to-optimize-inpatient-environments

Maben, Jill, et al. 'Evaluating a Major Innovation in Hospital Design: Workforce Implications and Impact on Patient and Staff Experiences of All Single-Room Hospital Accommodation.' *Journal of Health Services Research & Policy* 20, supplement 1 (2015): 1–8Maben, Jill, et al. (2015)Evaluating a Major Innovation in Hospital Design: Workforce Implications and Impact on Patient and Staff Experiences of All Single-Room Hospital Accommodation. *Journal of Health Services Research & Policy* 20, supplement 1 (2015): 1–8

Morelli, Anna. *Nursing Station Design: Cluster and Linear Configurations in Healthcare Facilities.* Master's thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, 2007. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:119828/fulltext01Morelli, Anna (2007)Nursing Station Design: Cluster and Linear Configurations in Healthcare Facilities. Master's thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholmhttp://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:119828/fulltext01

Nanda, Upali, et al. 'Patient Room Design: Engaging Clinical Teams Through Iterative Simulation-Based Evaluation.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* (forthcoming, 2025). https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867251365881Nanda, Upali, et al. (2025)Patient Room Design: Engaging Clinical Teams Through Iterative Simulation-Based Evaluation. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journalhttps://doi.org/10.1177/19375867251365881

Obeidat, Bassam, et al. 'Investigations into the Impact of Nursing Unit Layout on Critical Care Nurses' Satisfaction and Walking Behavior.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 15, no. 2 (2022): 160–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867211064271Obeidat, Bassam, et al. (2022)Investigations into the Impact of Nursing Unit Layout on Critical Care Nurses' Satisfaction and Walking Behavior. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 15, no. 2 (2022): 160–177.

Obeidat, Bassam, et al. 'Evaluating the Impact of Nursing Unit Spatial Layout on Nursing Performance.' *Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy* 9 (2025): 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758672211064271Obeidat, Bassam, et al. (2025)Evaluating the Impact of Nursing Unit Spatial Layout on Nursing Performance. *Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy* 9 (2025): 52–68

Pachilova, Hristina, and Kerstin Sailer. 'Providing Care Quality by Design.' *Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments* 12, no. 6 (2020): 489–508. https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-200575Pachilova, Hristina, and Kerstin Sailer (2020)Providing Care Quality by Design. *Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments* 12, no. 6 (2020): 489–508https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-200575

Page, Anne, and Thomas Page. 'On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones.' In *Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Healthcare Design*. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2004Page, Anne, and Thomas Page (2004)On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones. *Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Healthcare Design*. Toronto: University of Toronto

Pati, Debajyoti, et al. 'A Multidimensional Framework for Assessing Patient Room Configurations.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 2, no. 2 (2009): 88–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758670900200208Pati, Debajyoti, et al. (2009)A Multidimensional Framework for Assessing Patient Room Configurations. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 2, no. 2 (2009): 88–111https://doi.org/10.1177/193758670900200208

Piatek, Karolina, et al. 'Typological Analysis of Hospital Wards Design.' *International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology* 8, no. 4 (2023): 2250–2264. https://zenodo.org/records/8281136Piatek, Karolina, et al. (2021)Typological Analysis of Hospital Wards Design. *International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology* 8, no. 4 (2023): 2250–2264https://zenodo.org/records/8281136

Piątkowski, Marcin, et al. 'Designing a Patient Room as a Fall Protection Strategy.' *Frontiers in Public Health* 9 (2021): 702992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.702992Piątkowski, Marcin, et al. (2021)Designing a Patient Room as a Fall Protection Strategy. *Frontiers in Public Health* 9 (2021): 702992

Raber, Merle, et al. 'Comparative Analysis of Inpatient Department (IPD) for Spatial Configuration, Nurse Walking Distance, and Patient Visibility in Selected Hospitals for Efficient Design.' *SSHRR International Journal* 4, no. 2 (2025): 338–356. https://sshrr.online/index.php/4/article/view/338Raber, Merle, et al. (2025)Comparative Analysis of Inpatient Department (IPD) for Spatial Configuration, Nurse Walking Distance, and Patient Visibility in Selected Hospitals for Efficient Design. *SSHRR International Journal* 4, no. 2 (2025): 338–356https://sshrr.online/index.php/4/article/view/338

Rivett, Geoffrey. 'NHS Hospital Ward Typologies and Their Development.' In *P1128: A Review of Different Approaches to Access and People Movement in Healthcare Buildings*. CIB W096, 2009. https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC24484.pdfRivett, Geoffrey (2009)NHS Hospital Ward Typologies and Their Development. *P1128: A Review of Different Approaches to Access and People Movement in Healthcare Buildings*. CIB W096https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC24484.pdf

Sayed, Tarek, et al. 'Multi-objective Layout Optimization of Hospital Outpatient Clinics Based on NSGA II.' *Frontiers in Public Health* 13 (2025): 1290456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1290456Sayed, Tarek, et al. (2025)Multi-objective Layout Optimization of Hospital Outpatient Clinics Based on NSGA II. *Frontiers in Public Health* 13 (2025): 1290456

Shepley, Mardelle McCuskey, and Richard P. Davies. 'The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century.' *The Center for Health Design* (2003). https://www.healthdesign.orgShepley, Mardelle McCuskey, and Richard P. Davies (2003)The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century. The Center for Health Designhttps://www.healthdesign.org

Shortt, Sheila, and Elaine Shaw. 'Shifting Landscapes: The Impact of Centralized and Decentralized Nursing Station Models on the Efficiency of Care.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 2 (2017): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717698812Shortt, Sheila, and Elaine Shaw (2017)Shifting Landscapes: The Impact of Centralized and Decentralized Nursing Station Models on the Efficiency of Care. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 2 (2017): 79–95https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717698812

Smith, Ashley E., et al. 'A Sequential Space Syntax Approach for Healthcare Facility Layout Optimization.' *Computers & Industrial Engineering* 177 (2023): 109038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109038Smith, Ashley E., et al. (2023)A Sequential Space Syntax Approach for Healthcare Facility Layout Optimization. *Computers & Industrial Engineering* 177 (2023): 109038https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109038

Space Syntax Laboratory. *Space Syntax in Healthcare Facilities Research: A Review.* Edited by Saleh Haq. London: Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, 2003. http://www.arch.ttu.edu/people/faculty/haq_s/PUBLICATIONS/Haq-luo-HERD-SYNTAX-AS%20PRINTED.pdfSpace Syntax Laboratory (2003)Space Syntax in Healthcare Facilities Research: A Review. Edited by Saleh Haq. London: Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London

Stichler, Jaynelle F., and Kathy Hamilton. 'The Effect of Hospital Unit Layout on Nurse Walking Behavior.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 6, no. 1 (2012): 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671200600104Stichler, Jaynelle F., and Kathy Hamilton (2012)The Effect of Hospital Unit Layout on Nurse Walking Behavior. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 6, no. 1 (2012): 19–43https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671200600104

Topo, Päivi, Miira Kotilainen, and Ulla Eloniemi-Sulkava. 'Physical Environment and Its Relationship to the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes.' In *Evidence-Based Design and Patient Safety*, edited by R. Fong, 2012Topo, Päivi, Miira Kotilainen, and Ulla Eloniemi-Sulkava (2012)Physical Environment and Its Relationship to the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. Evidence-Based Design and Patient Safety

Trites, David K., Freida D. Galbraith, Mark Sturdavant, and James F. Leckwart. 'Influence of Nursing-Unit Design on the Activities and Subjective Feelings of Nursing Personnel.' *Environment and Behavior* 2, no. 3 (1970): 303–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391657000200304Trites, David K., Freida D. Galbraith, Mark Sturdavant, and James F. Leckwart (1970)Influence of Nursing-Unit Design on the Activities and Subjective Feelings of Nursing Personnel. *Environment and Behavior* 2, no. 3 (1970): 303–334https://doi.org/10.1177/001391657000200304

Ulrich, Roger S., et al. 'The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century.' *Journal of Environmental Psychology* 28, no. 3 (2008): 175–184Ulrich, Roger S., et al. (2008)The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century. *Journal of Environmental Psychology* 28, no. 3 (2008): 175–184

van der Ham, Corine, et al. 'Towards Process-Oriented Hospital Structures: Drivers Behind the Development of Hospital Designs.' *International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health* 20, no. 3 (2023): 1993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031993van der Ham, Corine, et al. (2023)Towards Process-Oriented Hospital Structures: Drivers Behind the Development of Hospital Designs. *International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health* 20, no. 3 (2023): 1993https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031993

Verderber, Stephen. *Innovations in Hospital Architecture*. New York: Routledge, 2010Verderber, Stephen (2010)Innovations in Hospital Architecture. New York: Routledge

White, Marva A. 'Nursing Unit Design and Decentralization: Impacts on Nursing Staff Satisfaction and Patient Outcomes.' *Journal of Nursing Administration* 38, no. 6 (2008): 259–265White, Marva A. (2008)Nursing Unit Design and Decentralization: Impacts on Nursing Staff Satisfaction and Patient Outcomes. *Journal of Nursing Administration* 38, no. 6 (2008): 259–265

Williams, Michael R., et al. 'Enhancing Patient Care with the Circular Pod Design at Arnold Palmer Hospital.' *Healthcare Design Magazine*, October 2024. https://studycorgi.com/enhancing-patient-care-with-the-circular-pod-design-at-arnold-palmer-hospital/Williams, Michael R., et al. (2024)Enhancing Patient Care with the Circular Pod Design at Arnold Palmer Hospital. Healthcare Design Magazinehttps://studycorgi.com/enhancing-patient-care-with-the-circular-pod-design-at-arnold-palmer-hospital/

Xuan, Xueying, et al. 'Interaction of Nursing Efficiency and Spatial Design in Hospital Ward Planning.' *Building and Environment* 245 (2025): 110494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.110494Xuan, Xueying, et al. (2025)Interaction of Nursing Efficiency and Spatial Design in Hospital Ward Planning. *Building and Environment* 245 (2025): 110494

Yu, Chang, et al. 'Optimizing Nurse Workflow Efficiency: An Examination of Nurse Walking Behavior and Space Accessibility in Medical Surgical Units.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 17, no. 2 (2024): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867241237509Yu, Chang, et al. (2024)Optimizing Nurse Workflow Efficiency: An Examination of Nurse Walking Behavior and Space Accessibility in Medical Surgical Units. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 17, no. 2 (2024): 73–89https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867241237509

Zamani, Zohreh, et al. 'Exploring Environmental Design Attributes Impacting Staff Perceptions of Safety in a Complex Healthcare System.' *Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy* 7 (2023): 52. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867231174238Zamani, Zohreh, et al. (2023)Exploring Environmental Design Attributes Impacting Staff Perceptions of Safety in a Complex Healthcare System. *Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy* 7 (2023): 52. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867231174238

Zhang, Xue, et al. 'A Historical Study of Chinese Nursing Unit Design Evolution Since 1989.' *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 1 (2018): 74–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718820682Zhang, Xue, et al. (2018)A Historical Study of Chinese Nursing Unit Design Evolution Since 1989. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 1 (2018): 74–93https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718820682

Zborowsky, Tasha, et al. 'Exploring the Spatial Arrangement of Patient Rooms for Minimum Nurse Travel in Hospital Nursing Units in Korea.' *Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 13, no. 2 (2020): 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586719894568Zborowsky, Tasha, et al. (2020)Exploring the Spatial Arrangement of Patient Rooms for Minimum Nurse Travel in Hospital Nursing Units in Korea. *Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 13, no. 2 (2020): 171–187

Referanser

• Allison, Karen C (2007). Hospital Corridor Design and Wayfinding. Healthcare Design Review.
• Auld, Mary E., and Patricia A. Sears (1985). Nursing Unit Design: A Comparative Analysis of Radial, Linear, and Cluster Configurations. *Journal of Environmental Psychology* 5, no. 4 (1985): 287–302.
• Bernhardt, Julie, et al. (2021). Why Hospital Design Matters: A Narrative Review of Built Environment Factors. *Frontiers in Health Services* 1 (2021): 702992. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8969212/
• Carthey, Jane (2008). Hospital Circulation Design and Infection Control: A Evidence-Based Approach. *Journal of Hospital Infection* 69, no. 1 (2008): 26–34.
• Catrambone, Cathy, et al. (2009). The Design of Adult Acute Care Units in U.S. Hospitals. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 2, no. 2 (2009): 88–109. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2980831/
• Center for Advanced Design Research and Evaluation (CADRE) (2023). Towards Optimizing Inpatient Unit Design and Operation. https://www.cadreresearch.org/projects/towards-optimizing-inpatient-unit-design-and-operation
• Craig, J. S. (1963). Group Corridor Plan for Nursing Units. *Canadian Hospital* 40, no. 8 (1963): 42–44.
• Cubukcuoglu, Cigdem, et al. (2023). Optimal Design of New Hospitals: A Computational Approach for Multi-Objective Layout Optimization. *Computers & Industrial Engineering* 178 (2023): 109038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2023.109038
• Ebel, Lindsay Ziegler, et al. (2018). Design Lessons from the Analysis of Nurse Journeys in a Hospital with a Radial Layout. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 4 (2018): 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718779244
• Hendrich, Ann, et al. (2004). Unit Design and Patient Falls and Injuries: A Quasi-Experimental Study. *Journal of Nursing Administration* 34, no. 4 (2004): 174–182.
• Herman Miller (2012). Measuring How Far Nurses Walk: A New Measure for Predicting Nurse Walking Distance. https://www.hermanmiller.com/content/dam/hermanmiller/documents/research_topics/Nurse_Walking.pdf
• Hillier, Bill (1996). Space Is the Machine: A Configurational Theory of Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson (1984). The Social Logic of Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hillier, Bill, and Julienne Hanson (1987). Decoding Homes and Houses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Huseby, Richard A (1969). A Method for Measuring Nursing Unit Design Quality. *Hospital Administration Quarterly* 13, no. 1 (1969): 35–46.
• International Health Facility Guidelines (2025). 130 Intensive Care Unit – Part B: Health Facility Briefing & Design. International Health Facility Guidelines. https://www.healthfacilityguidelines.com
• Jiang, Shan, and Stephen Verderber (2017). On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones: A Review of the Evidence-Based Literature. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 10, no. 1 (2017): 124–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586716672041
• Katz, Jacob M., et al. (2016). Layout Improvement Study to Reduce Staff Walking Distance in a Large Health Care Facility: How to Not Walk an Extra 4740 Miles. *Hospital Topics* 94, no. 3 (2016): 79–87.
• Koh, Paul, et al. (2018). Nursing Unit Design and Nursing Staff Communication Networks: A Study of Three Hospital Units. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 11, no. 3 (2018): 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718779223
• Lawson, Bryan, and Maggie Phiri (2002). Hospital Design: Room for Improvement. *Design and Health: The Therapeutic Benefits of Design*, edited by Roger Ulrich, 159–168. Chicago: American Hospital Association.
• Leckwart, J. F., et al. (1969). Radial Nursing Units Prove Best in Controlled Study. *Modern Hospital* 112, no. 4 (1969): 94–99.
• Levasseur, Shanyn, et al. (2024). Using Data to Optimize Inpatient Environments: Documenting the Impact of Layout Redesign on Nurse Walking Distances. HFM Magazine. https://www.hfmmagazine.com/articles/5018-using-data-to-optimize-inpatient-environments
• Maben, Jill, et al. (2015). Evaluating a Major Innovation in Hospital Design: Workforce Implications and Impact on Patient and Staff Experiences of All Single-Room Hospital Accommodation. *Journal of Health Services Research & Policy* 20, supplement 1 (2015): 1–8.
• Morelli, Anna (2007). Nursing Station Design: Cluster and Linear Configurations in Healthcare Facilities. Master's thesis, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:119828/fulltext01
• Nanda, Upali, et al. (2025). Patient Room Design: Engaging Clinical Teams Through Iterative Simulation-Based Evaluation. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867251365881
• Obeidat, Bassam, et al. (2022). Investigations into the Impact of Nursing Unit Layout on Critical Care Nurses' Satisfaction and Walking Behavior. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 15, no. 2 (2022): 160–177..
• Obeidat, Bassam, et al. (2025). Evaluating the Impact of Nursing Unit Spatial Layout on Nursing Performance. *Journal of Hospital Management and Health Policy* 9 (2025): 52–68.
• Pachilova, Hristina, and Kerstin Sailer (2020). Providing Care Quality by Design. *Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments* 12, no. 6 (2020): 489–508. https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-200575
• Page, Anne, and Thomas Page (2004). On the Planning and Design of Hospital Circulation Zones. *Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Healthcare Design*. Toronto: University of Toronto.
• Pati, Debajyoti, et al. (2009). A Multidimensional Framework for Assessing Patient Room Configurations. *HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal* 2, no. 2 (2009): 88–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758670900200208
• Piatek, Karolina, et al. (2021). Typological Analysis of Hospital Wards Design. *International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology* 8, no. 4 (2023): 2250–2264. https://zenodo.org/records/8281136
• Piątkowski, Marcin, et al. (2021). Designing a Patient Room as a Fall Protection Strategy. *Frontiers in Public Health* 9 (2021): 702992.
• Raber, Merle, et al. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Inpatient Department (IPD) for Spatial Configuration, Nurse Walking Distance, and Patient Visibility in Selected Hospitals for Efficient Design. *SSHRR International Journal* 4, no. 2 (2025): 338–356. https://sshrr.online/index.php/4/article/view/338
• Rivett, Geoffrey (2009). NHS Hospital Ward Typologies and Their Development. *P1128: A Review of Different Approaches to Access and People Movement in Healthcare Buildings*. CIB W096. https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB_DC24484.pdf
• Sayed, Tarek, et al. (2025). Multi-objective Layout Optimization of Hospital Outpatient Clinics Based on NSGA II. *Frontiers in Public Health* 13 (2025): 1290456.
• Shepley, Mardelle McCuskey, and Richard P. Davies (2003). The Role of the Physical Environment in the Hospital of the 21st Century. The Center for Health Design. https://www.healthdesign.org
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